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Professionals · code 2612

Judges

Judges preside over civil and criminal proceedings in courts of law. Tasks include - (a) presiding over trials and hearings; (b) interpreting and enforcing rules of procedure and making rulings regarding the admissibility of evidence; (c) determining the rights and obligations of the parties involved, and in cases tried by jury; (d) instructing the jury on points of law that are applicable to the case; (e) weighing and considering evidence in non-jury trials and deciding legal guilt or innocence or degree of liability of the accused or defendant; (f) passing sentence on persons convicted in criminal cases, determining damages or other appropriate remedy in civil cases and issuing court orders; (g) researching legal issues and writing opinions on the issues. Examples of the occupations classified here: - Chief justice - Judge - Magistrate Some related occupations classified elsewhere: - Court clerk - 3411 - Justice of the peace - 3411

None of this job's tasks scored high enough to count. It ranks 252 of 427 for holding up against AI.

Also known as

  • justice of the peace
  • judge

Job titles from the EU's ESCO list. Search for any of them on the jobs page and you'll end up here.

68.7
Holds up
against AI Not Exposed

AI could take on 31.3 of 100, on average
so it holds up at 100 − 31.3 = 68.7

That's the whole sum, and you can check it against the ILO's study.

7.8
How hands-on
out of 100

From O*NET, averaged across 2 US jobs

3.9
How fiddly
and cramped

finger skill 7.2 · hand skill 2.7 · cramped spaces 1.8 · averaged

Kind of hands-on work · hands-on under 50 Less than half hands-on

Less than half of this job is hands-on. Robots still matter, but for a smaller part of the work, so we don't sort it any further.

estimated O*NET 31.0 BLS occupational crosswalk chain ISCO-08 to 2010 SOC (Aug 2012, rev. Jun 2015); 2010 to 2018 SOC (Nov 2017); O*NET-SOC 2019 taxonomy data 0.7-work-setting measures chosen by Frey & Osborne (2017) · the grouping is a sorting, not a measurement

What this number leaves out This job rates 7.8 out of 100 for how hands-on it is. The score above only looks at AI tools, not robots, but for work this far from the physical that matters less.

The tasks behind the score

The score is the average of these. A job is really a bundle of tasks, and an average can hide how uneven that bundle is.

The task AI could do most of scores 41.3, while the average is 31.3. A big gap means some of this job is wide open to AI and some of it barely at all. That's quite different from a job where everything sits somewhere in the middle, even when the averages match.

  1. 41.3

    Researching legal issues and writing opinions on the issues.

    Low
  2. 35.5

    Determining the rights and obligations of the parties involved, and, in cases tried by jury

    Low
  3. 35

    Instructing the jury on points of law that are applicable to the case

    Low
  4. 33

    Interpreting and enforcing rules of procedure and making rulings regarding the admissibility of evidence

    Low
  5. 32.5

    Weighing and considering evidence in non-jury trials and deciding legal guilt or innocence or degree of liability of the accused or defendant

    Low
  6. 26.5

    Passing sentence on persons convicted in criminal cases, determining damages or other appropriate remedy in civil cases and issuing court orders

    Low
  7. 15

    Presiding over trials and hearings

    Very Low

7 tasks · the High to Very Low labels are the ILO's

from the source Working Paper 140, Generative AI and Jobs 2025 index data 0.7-work-setting

Helped, or replaced?

The score above can't tell a tool that makes you faster from one that does the task instead of you. Jobs and Skills Australia looked at those two things separately, and this is their result, matched to this job.

One Australian job matches, but only partly: not everyone in it does this job. Treat the numbers as a rough guide.

AI helps you
58
AI does it for you
34

Helping wins by 24 points.

estimated Our Gen AI Transition (Gen AI Capacity Study) September 2025 detailed data release data 0.7-work-setting matched to Australian jobs 2712

Compared with similar jobs

There are 92 jobs in the “Professionals” group, averaging 61.2. This one is above that.