Managers · code 1120
Managing directors and chief executives
Managing directors and chief executives formulate and review the policies, and plan, direct, coordinate and evaluate the overall activities, of enterprises or organizations (except special-interest organizations and government departments) with the support of other managers, usually within guidelines established by a board of directors or a governing body to whom they are answerable for the operations undertaken and results. Tasks include - (a) planning, directing and coordinating the general functioning of an enterprise or organization; (b) reviewing the operations and results of the enterprise or organization and reporting to boards of directors and governing bodies; (c) determining objectives, strategies, policies and programmes for the enterprise or organization; (d) providing overall leadership and management to the enterprise or organization; (e) establishing and managing budgets, controlling expenditure and ensuring the efficient use of resources; (f) authorizing material, human and financial resources to implement organizational policies and programmes; (g) monitoring and evaluating performance of the organization or enterprise against established objectives and policies; (h) consulting with senior subordinate staff and reviewing recommendations and reports; (i) representing the organization at official occasions and board meetings, in negotiations and at conventions, seminars, public hearings and forums; (j) selecting or approving the selection of senior staff; (k) ensuring the organization complies with relevant legislation and regulations. Examples of the occupations classified here: - Chief executive - Managing director - Regional manager Note Regional managers and other senior managers who coordinate and supervise the activities of subordinate managers who have a diverse range of functional responsibilities are included in Unit Group 1120: Managing Directors and Chief Executives. Managers responsible for specialized functions within a specific geographic area are excluded from this unit group. For example, regional sales managers are classified in Unit Group 1221: Sales and Marketing Managers. Jobs whose principal responsibility is to participate as a member of the board of directors of one or more enterprises or organizations are included in Unit Group 1120: Managing Directors and Chief Executives. Chief executives of government-owned enterprises are included in Unit Group 1120: Managing Directors and Chief Executives.
A few tasks are affected, but the heart of the job isn't. It ranks 306 of 427 for holding up against AI.
Also known as
- business manager
- chief operating officer
- chief executive officer
- animal facility manager
Job titles from the EU's ESCO list. Search for any of them on the jobs page and you'll end up here.
against AI Minimal Exposure
AI could take on 37.6 of 100, on average
so it holds up at 100 − 37.6 = 62.4
That's the whole sum, and you can check it against the ILO's study.
out of 100
From O*NET, averaged across 3 US jobs
and cramped
finger skill 12.1 · hand skill 3.6 · cramped spaces 5.9 · averaged
Kind of hands-on work · hands-on under 50 Less than half hands-on
Less than half of this job is hands-on. Robots still matter, but for a smaller part of the work, so we don't sort it any further.
estimated O*NET 31.0 BLS occupational crosswalk chain ISCO-08 to 2010 SOC (Aug 2012, rev. Jun 2015); 2010 to 2018 SOC (Nov 2017); O*NET-SOC 2019 taxonomy data 0.7-work-setting measures chosen by Frey & Osborne (2017) · the grouping is a sorting, not a measurement
What this number leaves out This job rates 23.8 out of 100 for how hands-on it is. The score above only looks at AI tools, not robots, but for work this far from the physical that matters less.
The tasks behind the score
The score is the average of these. A job is really a bundle of tasks, and an average can hide how uneven that bundle is.
The task AI could do most of scores 46.5, while the average is 37.6. A big gap means some of this job is wide open to AI and some of it barely at all. That's quite different from a job where everything sits somewhere in the middle, even when the averages match.
- 46.5
Determining objectives, strategies, policies and programmes for the enterprise or organization
Low - 46.5
Monitoring and evaluating performance of the organization or enterprise against established objectives and policies
Low - 41.5
Reviewing the operations and results of the enterprise, or organization and reporting to boards of directors and governing bodies
Low - 41.3
Establishing and managing budgets, controlling expenditure and ensuring the efficient use of resources
Low - 37
Authorising material, human and financial resources to implement organizational policies and programmes
Low - 35.8
Planning, directing and coordinating the general functioning of an enterprise or organization
Low - 34.5
Ensuring the organization complies with relevant legislation and regulations.
Low - 33.5
Consulting with senior subordinate staff and reviewing recommendations and reports
Low - 33.5
Representing the organization at official occasions and board meetings, in negotiations, at conventions, seminars, public hearings and forums
Low - 32
Selecting or approving the selection of senior staff
Low - 31.5
Providing overall leadership and management to the enterprise or organization
Low
11 tasks · the High to Very Low labels are the ILO's
from the source Working Paper 140, Generative AI and Jobs 2025 index data 0.7-work-setting
Helped, or replaced?
The score above can't tell a tool that makes you faster from one that does the task instead of you. Jobs and Skills Australia looked at those two things separately, and this is their result, matched to this job.
2 Australian jobs match this one, and we've simply averaged them. Treat the numbers as a rough guide.
- AI helps you
- 66.5
- AI does it for you
- 28.5
Helping wins by 38 points.
estimated Our Gen AI Transition (Gen AI Capacity Study) September 2025 detailed data release data 0.7-work-setting matched to Australian jobs 1111, 1112
Compared with similar jobs
There are 30 jobs in the “Managers” group, averaging 63.9. This one is below that.
- Aquaculture and fisheries production … 78
- Traditional chiefs and heads of villa… 77
- Agricultural and forestry production … 73
- Child care services managers 70.1
- Legislators 68.7
- Sports, recreation and cultural centr… 67.7
- Construction managers 66.2
- Aged care services managers 65.6
- Mining managers 65.3
- Human resource managers 64.4
- Policy and planning managers 64.1
- Health services managers 63.7
- Education managers 63.7
- Restaurant managers 63.7
- Senior officials of special-interest … 63.2
- Social welfare managers 63.1
- Finance managers 62.7
- Hotel managers 62.7
- Senior government officials 62.3
- Manufacturing managers 62.1
- Professional services managers not el… 61.6
- Supply, distribution and related mana… 61.5
- Advertising and public relations mana… 61.2
- Research and development managers 60.3
- Sales and marketing managers 58.8
- Business services and administration … 58.1
- Retail and wholesale trade managers 56.4
- Information and communications techno… 56