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Clerical support workers · code 4311

Accounting and bookkeeping clerks

Accounting software sends the invoices itself now. This job is changing fast.

AI could take a fair chunk of all five tasks, from sending bills and statements to recording, summarising and checking financial data.

What they actually do (and what else they get called)

Accounting and bookkeeping clerks compute, classify, and record numerical data to keep financial records complete. They perform any combination of routine calculating, posting and verifying duties to obtain primary financial data for use in maintaining accounting records. Tasks include - (a) checking figures, postings and documents for correct entry, mathematical accuracy and proper codes; (b) operating computers programmed with accounting software to record, store and analyse information; (c) classifying, recording and summarizing numerical and financial data to compile and keep financial records, using journals and ledgers or computers; (d) calculating, preparing and issuing bills, invoices, account statements and other financial statements according to established procedures. (e) compiling statistical, financial, accounting or auditing reports and tables pertaining to such matters as cash receipts, expenditures, accounts payable and receivable, and profits and losses. Examples of the occupations included here: - Accounts clerk - Bookkeeping clerk - Cost computing clerk Some related occupations classified elsewhere: - Accounting assistant - 3313 - Bookkeeper - 3313

  • billing clerk
  • sales support assistant

Job titles from the EU's ESCO list. Search for any of them on the jobs page and you'll end up here.

36 / 100

Highly exposed to AI

AI could do much of the everyday work. The job doesn’t disappear, but in five years you might not recognise it.

Not the odds you keep your job. It's how much of the everyday work still needs a person, out of 100.

← Robot's turf Human's turf →

The ILO's official verdict: Exposed: Gradient 4

424 of 427 for holding up against AI

Why this score?

The ILO rated each of this job's 5 tasks for how much of it AI could do. They average 64 out of 100, so it holds up at 100 − 64 = 36.

That's the whole sum. No black box, no secret sauce: you can check it against the ILO's study. ILO group “Exposed: Gradient 4”: The ILO’s highest group: nearly every task is affected.

This job rates 10.4 out of 100 for how hands-on it is. The score above only looks at AI tools, not robots, but for work this far from the physical that matters less.

from the source Working Paper 140, Generative AI and Jobs 2025 index data 0.8-observed-use

Man v Bot · compare

Who holds up better?

Accounting and bookkeeping clerks 36

v

Go on, try your partner's job. Or your sibling's. We won't tell.

Man v Bot

Where the bot helps, and where the human wins

Bot

What AI takes

The routine stuff. You may not miss it.

  • Invoices and statements.
  • Recording transactions.
  • Financial reports.

Man

What people still do better

Judgement, trust and skilled hands. Hard to download.

  • Sorting out discrepancies.
  • Chasing awkward payments.
  • Checking unusual entries.

Both

What's arriving

New work that only exists because the AI does.

  • Automated bookkeeping.
  • E-invoicing.
  • Finance operations roles.

Written by a human, from the ILO's task ratings below. Yes, we see the irony. Read it as one person's take.

Meet your two rivals

They're not the same machine. AI software can only reach the parts of a job done on a screen or in words. A chatbot can't climb a ladder. A robot might, one day, if it doesn't fall off.

The AI

Lives in a screen. Never had to fix a boiler.

Threat level: High

70 could do without you

It could take over a lot of this job on its own. It could help with 76 of 100.

The robot

The wildcard. Has hands, still working out stairs.

How much it matters here: Lower

10 how hands-on

Not much of this job needs hands, so the robot can sit this one out.

So could a robot do the physical part?

Less than half of this job is hands-on. Robots still matter, but for a smaller part of the work, so we don't sort it any further.

Robots hate fiddly work in awkward spaces. On that measure, this job scores 20 out of 100. The higher it is, the longer the robot waits.

10 How
hands-on
20 How fiddly
and cramped

Kind of hands-on work Less than half hands-on

The small print

They aren't a robot score, and nothing on this page is. Nobody measures how far robots have got well enough to put a number on it. These are the closest thing we have: how hands-on the job is, and how much fiddly, cramped work it takes, which is what Frey and Osborne found hardest for machines.

From O*NET, averaged across 2 US jobs .

finger skill 24.2 · hand skill 16.1 · cramped spaces 18.1 · averaged · rule: hands-on under 50

estimated O*NET 31.0 BLS occupational crosswalk chain ISCO-08 to 2010 SOC (Aug 2012, rev. Jun 2015); 2010 to 2018 SOC (Nov 2017); O*NET-SOC 2019 taxonomy data 0.8-observed-use measures chosen by Frey & Osborne (2017) · the grouping is a sorting, not a measurement

The job, task by task

Every job is really a bundle of tasks. Here's this one unpacked, with how much of each AI could do, out of 100. The score is the average, and averages can hide a lot.

AI's favourite task here scores 71, against an average of 64. The bigger the gap, the more lopsided the job: some of it wide open to AI, some of it barely touched.

  1. 71

    Calculating, preparing and issuing bills, invoices, account statements and other financial statements according to established procedures.

    Medium
  2. 70

    Operating computers programmed with accounting software to record, store and analyse information

    Medium
  3. 64

    Compiling statistical, financial, accounting or auditing reports and tables pertaining to such matters as cash receipts, expenditures, accounts payable and receivable, and profits and losses.

    Medium
  4. 62

    Classifying, recording and summarizing numerical and financial data to compile and keep financial records, using journals and ledgers or computers

    Medium
  5. 53

    Checking figures, postings and documents for correct entry, mathematical accuracy and proper codes

    Medium

5 tasks · the High to Very Low labels are the ILO's

from the source Working Paper 140, Generative AI and Jobs 2025 index data 0.8-observed-use

Sidekick or replacement?

A tool that makes you faster is a very different thing from one that does the task while you watch. Jobs and Skills Australia measured the two separately, which is handy.

AI helps you
76
AI does it for you
70

Sidekick wins, by 6 points.

How good a match is this?

2 Australian jobs match this one, and we've simply averaged them. Treat the numbers as a rough guide.

estimated Our Gen AI Transition (Gen AI Capacity Study) September 2025 detailed data release data 0.8-observed-use matched to Australian jobs 5511, 5512

Meanwhile, in real life…

Everything else here is about what AI could do. This is what people actually did. When they asked Claude for help with this kind of work, did they hand the whole task over, or roll their sleeves up and work through it together?

Tiny sample alert This job makes up 0.04% of all the conversations: a tiny slice. People using AI for a job isn't the same as AI being able to do it.

Out of every 100 conversations

55
45

worked through it together handed it over

The small print

Anthropic publishes this about its own product, and it doesn't feed into any score here. These are people who use Claude, not workers in general, so little use here doesn't mean AI can't reach the job.

These two add up to 100. The bars elsewhere on the page don't, because each is scored on its own, so we don't put them side by side.

observed use Anthropic Economic Index release 2026-06-26, period beginning 2026-05-01 data 0.8-observed-use 2026-05-01 · Anthropic, about its own product

So, should bookkeeping clerks be worried?

Short answer: expect big changes. Better to steer them than be steered by them.

Yes, this is one of the most exposed jobs. Invoices, accounting software, reports, records and checking entries are all rated Medium. Automated accounting and AI take on most routine entries.

Worth remembering: we score tasks, not jobs. When AI takes on a task, the job usually reshuffles around it rather than vanishing.

Where this job could lead

None of the new jobs we've written up start from here yet. Could be you're the first. See the jobs AI is creating →

How are the neighbours doing?

There are 29 jobs in the “Clerical support workers” family, averaging 47. This one is below the family average.

Pit this against any other job →